Eadweard Muybridge
Eadweard Muybridge |
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| Year | Life and Work | Photography | Chronophotography & Motion Pictures | Science & Technology | World Events |
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| 1830 | Edward James Muggeridge is born | During 1820s J.N. Nièpce develops heliography, first photographic process | First functional sewing machine patent issued, Barthelemy Thimonnier. | July Revolution, Paris. Kingdom of Belgium founded. | |
| 1833 | Charles Wheatstone invents the stereoscope about this time | Phenakistiscope and Stroboscope moving picture devices first shown | J.C.F. Gauss constructs electromagnetic telegraph | Abolition of slavery in British Empire | |
| 1834 | W.G. Horner devises Daedalum (later known as Zoetrope) | Charles Babbage designs 'Analytic Engine'. Augusta Lovelace writes first computer program | |
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| 1837 | L.J-M. Daguerre creates daguerreotype process | |
Thomas Davenport uses electric motor to power workshop machinery | |
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| 1841 | |
Henry Fox Talbot (Britain) patents 'calotype' | Purkinje markets the Phorolyt (Phenakistiscope) | John Rand awarded patent for collapsible tube (for paint, later toothpaste etc.) | |
| 1848 | Milton Waldo Hanchett patents the dental chair | Revolution throughout Europe | |||
| 1851 | Emigrates to USA, becomes bookseller in New York | Queen Victorian admires stereoscope at Great Exhibition, London. Photographic lantern slides introduced about this time. Frederick Scott Archer introduces wet plate process. | Colt's repeating pistol, Goodyear's vulcanized rubber, shown at Great Exhibition, London | ||
| 1854 | Uchatius makes improved projector for motion images on disc | Helmholtz predicts the heat death of the Universe | Crimean War (54-56) | ||
| 1855 | Settles in San Francisco, becomes Muygridge, then Muybridge | Roger Fenton photographs Crimean War | William S. Burroughs patents adding machine that prints lists of added numbers | US adventurerWilliam Walker seizes power in Nicaragua | |
| 1858 | First composite photograph, by Henry Peach Robinson | August Ferdinand Möbius invents the 'Möbius strip.' | Moghul Empire collapses | ||
| 1860 | Stagecoach accident on return to England. Apparently learns photography while recovering. | Queen Victoria photographed by J.J.E. Mayall, Abraham Lincoln photographed by Mathew Brady | 1860 Repeating rifle, later known as the Winchester, developed | Civil War starts (USA) | |
| 1861 | James Clerk-Maxwell (Britain) demonstrates colour photography (by projection). Mathew B. Brady (USA) and staff photograph American Civil War | W.T.Shaw's Stereotrope and Coleman Sellers' Kinematoscope: machines for viewing stereo motion sequences | Linus Yale invents the cylinder lock. | ||
| 1865 | James Laing shows his Motoroscope, stereo motion sequence viewer | Web Offset Printing, William Bullock | End of Civil War (USA) | ||
| 1866 | Returns to San Francisco, sets up as photographer | L.S. Beale's Choreutoscope: mechanical slide for intermittent image projection | First Atlantic cable laid | ||
| 1867 | Spends months in Yosemite, photographing | William Lincoln patents (and names) Zoetrope | Alfred Nobel invents dynamite | 1867 Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital | |
| 1868 | Photographic trip to Alaska | Louis Ducos du Hauron suggests method of colour photography | J.B. Linnet's Kineograph (flip book) patented | J. P. Knight invents traffic lights. | Boshin War in Japan |
| 1869 | Invents 'sky shade' device | O.B. Brown patents intermittent motion projection device | Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the Periodic Table of the Elements | Suez Canal opens | |
| 1870 | Photographs 'Chinese Giant' at Woodward's Gardens | Collotype or photogelatin printing invented by Joseph Albert | H.R. Heyl's phasmatrope, projection of repeating sequence of posed photographic images | Gustavus Dows patents modern soda fountain. | Franco-Prussian War starts |
| 1871 | Marries Flora Shallcross Stone | Richard Leach Maddox proposes 'dry plate' process | Ross 'wheel of life' mechanical lantern slide | The Descent of Man: Darwin suggests difference between humans and animals is one of degree and not of kind | Paris Commune. Unification of Germany |
| 1872 | Takes instantaneous horse photograph at Sacramento racetrack, for Leland Stanford | Luther Childs Crowell files patent for paper bag making machine | |||
| 1873 | Photographs Modoc Indians, and Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads. Floredo Muybridge born | John Wesley Hyatt trademarks the name "celluloid" in U.S. and Great Britain | Christopher Latham Sholes improved typewriter produced | First Spanish Republic established | |
| 1874 | Shoots Harry Larkyns dead | Transit of Venus photographed using Krone's Auckland dry process | P.J.C. Janssen makes sequence camera, solar photography | Captain James Buchanan Eads finishes structural steel bridge, St Louis (USA) | First Republic of Spain overthrown, Alfonso XII becomes King |
| 1875 | Acquitted of murder, travels to Central America. Flora dies | Edison invents Mimeograph (duplicator) | Civil Rights Act (USA). Ignored in the South | ||
| 1876 | Central America photos awarded Gold Medal, Eleventh Industrial Exhibition, San Francisco | W. Donisthorpe patents, builds sequence camera (multiple plates) | Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone | Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, USA. | |
| 1877 | Photographs Stanford horse 'Occident' again. | George Eastman begins study of photography | Emile Reynaud patents/produces Praxinoscope | Edison invents phonograph | Queen Victoria assumes title of Empress of India |
| 1878 | First serial photographs horses and other animals, at Stanford's Palo Alto farm | English photographers including Charles Bennett improve gelatin dry plate process | Sir Joseph Wilson Swan invents a practical electric lightbulb | Congress of Berlin: European powers meet to thwart Russia | |
| 1879 | More series photographs taken at Palo Alto, including athletes | Local scandal as Lewis Carroll (Rev. Charles Dodgson) photographs young girls nude | Edison perfects incandescent light bulb | Zulu War | |
| 1880 | Zoogyroscope (later Zoopraxiscope) used in public lectures | George Eastman sets up Eastman Dry Plate Company, Rochester USA | R.G. Rhodes develops primitive hearing aid | South African War starts | |
| 1881 | Attitudes of Animals in Motion album 'published'. Lectures in France | Frederick E. Ives invents process for colour photo reproduction | Lucian Galard, John D. Gibbs obtain patents for systems of alternating electrical current. | Tunisian War starts | |
| 1882 | Now 'Eadweard', lectures in London and New York | E-J. Marey builds 'rifle' sequence camera, revolving plate - sets up Physiological Station | Dr. Schuyler Skaats Wheeler develops electric fan | Triple Alliance formed: Germany, Austria, Italy | |
| 1883 | Lectures in New York, Philadelphia, and Massachusetts | Albert Londe constructs 9-lens sequence camera | De Laval invents steam turbine | Sino-French War starts | |
| 1884 | Begins sequence photography, University of Pennsylvania | Eastman paper roll film manufactured | L.N. Thompson builds Switchback roller coaster | Berlin Conference on African affairs and slavery | |
| 1885 | Sequence photography mostly finished | First photograph of a meteor shower is taken | Karl Benz (Germany) first to sell motor cars | Partition of the island of New Guinea | |
| 1887 | Animal Locomotion (781 plates) published | Hannibal W. Goodwin patents celluloid roll film. Flashlight powder invented | Ottomar Anschuetz Electrotachyscope exhibited | C.V. Boys describes concept of guiding light through glass fibres | Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee |
| 1888 | Visits Edison, discusses joining Zoopraxiscope with phonograph | First Kodak camera, for paper roll film | Le Prince takes 'motion pictures' on paper film, Marey chronophotographs now on roll film | John J. Loud invents ballpoint pen | Jack the Ripper murders in London |
| 1889 | Lectures in Britain. (Summer in USA). | Improved Kodak camera uses celluloid film | Friese-Greene & Evans, and Donisthorpe & Crofts, patent and build roll film motion picture cameras | Eiffel Tower built for the Paris exposition | Thousands die in Johnstown, Pa. flood |
| 1890 | More lectures in Britain | Hurter & Driffield devise system to give emulsions speed numbers | George Cooke patents gas burner for cooking | U.S. troops kill over 200 Sioux at Battle of Wounded Knee | |
| 1891 | Lectures in mainland Europe | Gabriel Lippmann produces a colour image in the camera, from one exposure | Georges Demeny takes 'Photography of Speech' sequence photographs | Emile Berliner issued patent for a combined telegraph and telephone | |
| 1893 | Descriptive Zoopraxography published. Lectures at Chicago World's Fair, in Zoopraxographical Hall | Edison Kinetograph studio in production, demonstration of Kinetoscope film peepshow | Whitcomb L. Judson introduces device later known as zip or zipper | Panic of 93 (USA) leads to depression | |
| 1894 | Returns to England | Gum bichromate process introduced for photographic printing | Edison Kinetoscope launched in USA and England. Anschutz motion picture disc projection in Germany | Mildred Lord granted patent for a washing machine | Sino-Japanese War begins |
| 1895 | Lathams; Jenkins/Armat; Skladanowskys; Lumières start film production and screenings. Birt Acres films in England and Germany | Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless telegraphy, X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen | Democratic State of Taiwan established, but suppressed by Japan | ||
| 1896 | In Boston on business | X-ray photograph of a hand with a bullet in it, by Dr Henry L Smith | Film screenings worldwide. Mutoscope appears in penny arcades | J.J. Thompson discovers the electron | First modern Olympic games held in Athens |
| 1897 | Returns to England for the last time | First Bioscope travelling filmshows on British fairgrounds | Edwin S. Votey invents pianola | ||
| 1899 | Animals in Motion published | Major exhibition of American pictorial photography by Royal Photographic Society, London | Biokam small format cine camera/projector launched | Valdemar Poulsen invents the first magnetic recording | Boer War begins |
| 1901 | Human Figure in Motion published | Film editing enhances motion pictures | Marconi sends radio signal across Atlantic | Death of Queen Victoria, Commonwealth of Australia established | |
| 1902 | Claims ancient excavated tile showing animal motion confirms his theory | Alfred Stieglitz organises 'Photo-Secessionist' exhibition, New York City | Georges Méliès releases A Trip to the Moon | Buffalo Forge Company engineer Willis H. Carrier devises air conditioning | Britain and Japan form Anglo-Japanese Alliance |
| 1903 | Hepworth's Alice in Wonderland, director: Percy Stow, one of the earliest literary film adaptations | Orville and Wilbur Wright achieve powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight | Britain invades Tibet | ||
| 1904 | Dies March 14 in Kingston | H D Taylor patents coated lenses | Optical Lantern and Cinematograph Journal launched in Britain | General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy | Start of Russo-Japanese War |